Apr 28, 2022
Did Wassily Kandinsky really invent abstract art? Randall takes Chris on a journey with many twists and turns.
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Download slides: https://mega.nz/file/J9tGTQAC#5Oa99t7-pxmdxowHcq0pe5i5nSpKYg-Gns1MXlJtovc
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Topics discussed include:
the first abstract painting
Wassily Kandinsky
Hilma af Klint
Helena Blavatsky
automatic drawing
Rudolf Steiner
The Ten Largest
Theosophy
Sigmund Freud
Adolf Hitler and the Nazis
Bauhaus school
Georgiana Houghton
Albert Einstein
the birth of the modern world
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Timeline:
1859 -- Georgiana Houghton starts making "spirit" drawings at
seances
1862 -- Hilma af Klint born
1863 -- Salon des Refusés
1871 -- Houghton pays for a show in London
1874 -- Impression, Sunrise by Monet
1875 -- Helena Blavatsky cofounds the Theosophical Society, as "the
synthesis of science, religion and philosophy", proclaiming that it
was reviving an "Ancient Wisdom" which underlay all the world's
religions.
1880 -- Hilma's 10-year-old sister dies, spurring her interest in
the occult
1882 -- Hilma af Klint enrolled in Sweden' s Royal Academy of Fine
Arts.
1884 -- Georgiana Houghton dies
1887 -- Hilma af Klint graduates with honors, awarded use of shared
studio until 1909. Here she paints first 100 or so Paintings For
the Temple.
1888 -- The Five is founded
1895 -- X-rays discovered
1895 -- Sigmund Freud publishes one of his first books, Studies on
Hysteria
1896 -- Radio waves discovered, first radios 1900
1896 -- radioactivity discovered
1896 -- Hilma experiments with automatic drawing. was participating
in weekly seances with The Five.
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Through her work with The Five, Hilma af Klint created experimental
automatic drawing as early as 1896, leading her toward an inventive
geometric visual language capable of conceptualizing invisible
forces both of the inner and outer worlds.[citation needed] She
explored world religions, atoms, and the plant world and wrote
extensively about her discoveries.[5] As she became more familiar
with this form of expression, Hilma af Klint was assigned by the
High Masters to create the paintings for the "Temple" – however she
never understood what this "Temple" referred to.
Hilma af Klint felt she was being directed by a force that would
literally guide her hand. She wrote in her notebook:
The pictures were painted directly through me, without any
preliminary drawings, and with great force. I had no idea what the
paintings were supposed to depict; nevertheless I worked swiftly
and surely, without changing a single brush stroke.[14]
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1903 -- Kandinsky paints the Blue Rider
1904 -- Hilma af Klint joins Theosophical society
1904 -- Hilma af Klint was informed by spirit guides a great temple
should be built and filled with paintings.
1905 -- Albert Einstein publishes his 4 seminal papers:
photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the
equivalence of mass and energy.
1906 -- Klint begins automatic painting
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/travel/stockholm-hilma-af-klint.html
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led by a spiritual guide named Amaliel who contacted af Klint
during séances and not only “commissioned” the paintings but, at
least at the outset, had, she claimed, directed her hand as she
painted.
“The pictures were painted directly through me, without any
preliminary drawings and with great force,” af Klint wrote in one
of her journals of the 193 mostly abstract works known as “The
Paintings for the Temple,” meditations on human life and
relationships in the most elemental terms. “I had no idea what the
paintings were supposed to depict, nevertheless I worked swiftly
and surely without changing a single brush stroke.”
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https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181012-hilma-af-klint-the-enigmatic-vision-of-a-mystic
Absorbing a wide array of cultural influences old and new – from
Goethe’s colour theories to Darwin’s discoveries concerning
evolution, from Car Linnaeus’s botanical taxonomies to cutting-edge
ideas about atomic matter and radioactivity – Af Klint set about
composing for posterity an alluring eye-music that echoed back the
complex psyche of her age.
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1907 -- De Fem finishes The Ten Largest
1908 -- Hilma meets Rudolf Steiner
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In 1908 af Klint met Rudolf Steiner for the first time. In one of
the few remaining letters, she was asking Steiner to visit her in
Stockholm and see the finished part of the Paintings for the Temple
series, 111 paintings in total. Steiner did see the paintings but
mostly left unimpressed, stating that her way of working was
inappropriate for a theosophist. According to H.P. Blavatsky,
mediumship was a faulty practice, leading its adepts on the wrong
path of occultism and black magic.[18] However, during their
meeting, Steiner stated that af Klint's contemporaries would not be
able to accept and understand their paintings, and it would take
another 50 years to decipher them. Of all the paintings shown to
him, Steiner paid special attention only to the Primordial Chaos
Group, noting them as "the best symbolically".[19] After meeting
Steiner, af Klint was devastated by his response and, apparently,
stopped painting for 4 years. Interestingly enough, Steiner kept
photographs of some of af Klint's artworks, some of them even
hand-coloured. Later the same year he met Wassily Kandinsky, who
had not yet come to abstract painting. Some art historians assume
that Kandinsky could have seen the photographs and perhaps was
influenced by them while developing his own abstract path.[20]
Later in her life, she made a decision to destroy all her
correspondence. She left a collection of more than 1200 paintings
and 125 diaries to her nephew, Erik af Klint. Among her last
paintings made in 1930s, there are two watercolours predicting the
events of World War II, titled The Blitz and The Fight in the
Mediterranean.[21]
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https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/feb/21/hilma-af-klint-occult-spiritualism-abstract-serpentine-gallery
In 1908, after making 111 paintings, she collapsed: “She had
completed a painting every third day – including the 10 huge ones.
She was exhausted.” And there was further reason for despond. That
same year, Steiner was lecturing in Stockholm. She invited this
charismatic man to see her paintings (Mondrian petitioned Steiner
too, but always in vain). She had hoped he would interpret the
work. Instead he advised: “No one must see this for 50 years.” For
four years after this verdict she gave up painting and looked after
her sightless mother. Johan shows me a photograph of Hilma at
Hanmora, looking down with tenderness, a hand on her mother’s
shoulder – the more sympathetic of clues to her
character.
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1910 -- first abstract by Kandinsky
1919 -- Bauhaus school founded
1923 -- Hilma writes Steiner asking him what she should do, "burn
them?" She never hears back.
1925 -- Rudolf Steiner dies
1928 -- Theosophy reaches peak membership
1930s -- While studies, sketches, and improvisations exist
(particularly of Composition II), a Nazi raid on the Bauhaus in the
1930s resulted in the confiscation of Kandinsky's first three
Compositions. They were displayed in the State-sponsored exhibit
"Degenerate Art", and then destroyed (along with works by Paul
Klee, Franz Marc and other modern artists)
1932 -- Hilma af Klint's last will. In will, Hilma keaves
1200 paintings, 26,000 pages of notes (125 notebooks), not to be
shown until 20 years after her death.
1933 -- Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany
1944 -- Hilma dies of car accident. She was 82. Also Kandinsky
(77), Mondrian (pneumonia, 71)
1970s -- Johan af Kilnt offers works to the Moderna Museet, they
refuse. The then-director turned them down. “When he heard that she
was a medium, there was no discussion. He didn’t even look at the
pictures.” Only in 2013 did the museum redeem itself with a
retrospective.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/oct/06/hilma-af-klint-abstract-art-beyond-the-visible-film-documentary
1985 -- Hilma's work discovered. Distant relative of Klint finds
paintings just hanging on walls of theosophical society.
1986 -- Hilma af Klint show: The Spiritual in Art, Abstract
Painting 1890-1985
2013 -- Hilma af Klint Moderna Museet Stockholm show: perhaps their
most popular in history
2019 -- Hilma af Klint Guggenheim show: may have been it's most
popular
2020 -- Beyond the Visible: Hilma af Klint documentary
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recorded April 21, 2022
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